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The term indigenous people gained legitimacy within international law with the creation in 1982 of the United Nations Working group on Indigenous Populations.This group has representation from all six continents. Social movements worldwide have adopted the term indigenous people as a self-identifying and political  label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social,cultural and political rights. Working to promote cultural survival is a growing international pan tribal movement.In June 1992 the World Conference of Indigenous Peoples met in Rio De Janeiro with 300 representatives of the tribal diversity that survives in the modern world. In Latin America the drive by indigenous people for self-determination has emphasized their cultural distinctiveness;political reforms involving restructuring of the state;territorial rights and access to natural resources including control over economic development and reforms of military and police powers over indigenous peopl...

Gender bias is  behavior  that shows  favoritism  towards one gender over another. The gender bias is often in  favor  of men and boys over girls and women. Women and girls are expected to demonstrate feminine  behavior  and boys and men are expected to act masculine. The term gender bias is used interchangeably with the term sexism. Sexism is defined as the subordination of one sex usually female based on the assumed superiority of the other sex or an ideology that defines females as different from and inferior to males. Sex is the basis for the prejudice and presumed inferiority implicit in the term sexism. The term gender bias is more inclusive than the term sexism as it includes both prejudice and discrimination in its definition. Studies of gender bias also focus on gender rather than on sex.Furthermore the term gender bias could include instances of bias against boys and men in addition to bias against girls and women.

Once  chromosomes were recognized as the carriers of genes scientists sought to understand the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA the chemical that makes up chromosomes. In 1953 the American geneticist James Watson and British biophysicit Francis Crick published their discovery that DNA molecules have a ladder like double helix structure.Also important was the work of the British X Ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin who used a special technique X- Ray diffraction to produce  hiqh quality images of DNA. The combined efforts of Franklin,Watson and Crick opened up a whole new vista by helping explain how chromosomes are replicated. Analysis of the DNA from a wide variety of organisms provided new perspectives on biological relationships and also shed light on the growing list of illnesses such as viral and bacterial infections ,cancer,heart disease and stroke