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A group of researchers in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh has claimed to have found traces of an extinct paleo-river nearly 65 million years old. Paleo -channel or paleo river is an inactive river or water stream buried under sediment.There is an evidence of extinct paleo river which is about 6.5 crore years old in Dhar district.According to the researchers due to geological activities this river might have got covered under the basaltic lava.The researchers are also trying to find out whether this ancient stream has anything to do with Narmada river.It flowed in the same East to West direction as Narmada river. The current course of Narmada is about 10km from the site of Paleo river parallel to it.

The word taboo is of Polynesian origin introduced into the English language by Captain Cook who reported on the custom of human sacrifice in the Tahiti Island.The term was extended outside its original context and applied to a wide variety of ritual avoidances or prohibitions in different ethnographic environments.These include prohibitions of contact with certain kinsmen in special ritual states,eating certain foods and incest. Sigmund Freud characterized  taboo as a mixture of desire or attraction and fear or repulsion representing a primitive psychological conflict. The term taboo is continued to be used in dealing with incest.Claude Levi Strauss viewed incest taboo not as an irrational phobia but an expression of collective wisdom.In that it promoted social integration by regulating the circulation of marriageble partners between groups of people. Mary Pierce considered that taboo was applicable to different kinds of ritual prohibitions.Different forms of ritual avoidance occur...

The Hominoidea is divided into three families - hylobatidae includes gibbons and siamangs,Pongidae includes gorillas,chimpanzees and orangutans and Hominidae includes humans.It is considered that humans ( hominids) and great aps( pongids) share a more common ancestor than either does with gibbons and siamangs(hylobatids). Fossil evidence from Egypt suggests that hylobatids separated from pongids between 38 and 25 million years ago.The divergence between the great apes and humans took place later between 25 and 8 million  years ago ( Miocene Pliocene period).The most widespread and well known Miocene apes were seven species belongings to a fossil sub family known as Dryopithecinae. The Dryopithecine fossils have a lower teeth cusp pattern which distinguishes hominids from old world monkeys.The upper and lower molars of old world monkeys have only four cusps arranged in two parallel rows with a deep groove between them.The lower molars in hominids have five cusps separated. Studies s...

The first molecular evidence that Neanderthals not only ate a range of cooked plant foods but also understood its nutritional and medicinal qualities has been uncovered by new study.Until recently Neanderthals who disappeared between 30,000 and 24,000 years ago were thought to be predominantly meat eaters.The researchers have combined pyrolysis gas chromatography with morphological analysis of plant microfossils to identify material trapped in dental calculus from five Neanderthals from the north Spanish site of El Sidron. The research has provided first molecular evidence for medicinal plants being used by a Neanderthal individual.The starch granules and carbohydrate markers in the samples plus evidence for plant compounds such as azulenes and coumarins as well as possible evidence for nuts,grasses and even green vegetables suggested broader use of plants.It also suggest that Neanderthal occupants of El Sidr'n had a sophisticated  knowledge of their natural surroundings which incl...

Hutton a tribal anthropologist notes that most of the races and cultures in India are successive waves of migration.A majority of tribes are migrants to their present habitat.Wars have been one of the main reasons for migration of tribes to hills and forests for safety. They generally move from one place to another in search of food.Patoralism and jhoom cultivation among tribals is still prevalent in many tribal communities of India.They migrate from one place to another in search of green pastures.They are not readily accepted in the new settlement.They might face   clash of interests with the already settled there.Many times they are even deprived of basic amenities like water etc.

In primitive societies the exchange of products between the tribes could be called as barter exchange.Goods produced in excess of their own demands were given to another tribe whose products were different.This practice of transaction had three levels namely- Reciprocity,Redistribution and Commercial Exchange. Reciprocity - The excess produce was given away as gift to another tribe or society in need.This was not in expection of any returns.But in times of need this act was reciprocated by the other tribe.There was perfect understanding between the giver and the taker. There is another type of reciprocity as among Trobriand islanders through Kula ring.Through trade,a society can dispose of goods,it has in abundance and obtain goods scarce in its own territory.Since trade transactions between neighbouring people may be crucial to their survival,it is important to maintain good relations. Redistribution is the accumulation of goods by a particular person or in a particular place for the ...

Upper Palaeolithic population have become familiar to most people more by their art forms than the tools shaped and used.Of the art forms cave paintings are extraordinary and the earliest ones date back to 30,000 years.Typical Upper Palaeolithic paintings are on limestone walls of caves.The preservation of the paintings have been attributed to their absorption by limestone.The subject matter of pre-historic hunters of big game was their prey.The animals depicted on the walls of caves are mammoth,horses,deer, reindeer and other animals. The most generally accepted interpretation associates the paintings with rituals and magic surrounding hunting expeditions.Figures of animals with spears sticking out of them were probably painted to ensure the success of hunting forays.Another interpretation link cave paintings with the maintenance or increase in the number of animals and plants.Even in historical times,performance of ceremonies by aborigines to ensure perpetuation of plants and animals...

Thomas Malthus whose essay on population in 1798 pioneered demographic studies was an English economic and political theorist.He argued that as human population increases it tends to outstrip food supply and the increase in population would ultimately lead to poverty,untile disease and hunger limit the growth of population. It is evident that Malthus did not consider the possibility of rational methods of birth control.He dismissed artificial methods of fertility control as immoral and thought that adoption of sexual restraint by the whole population as improbable.Some social ideologies which may be considered as neo-Malthusian retain Malthus's basic premise of natural increase in population but advocate artifical methods for checking population increase. Malthus's theories were challenged by Karl Marx who argued that poverty is not the result of rapid population growth but a specific consequence of the development of capitalism.According to Marxist theories population control ...

The world population is the sum total of the living humans on earth. As of today,World population stands at 7,052,562,20 .1.10% is the growth rate at which the population of the world is currently growing per year. The average population change is currently estimated at around 75 million per year. Annual growth rate reached its peak in the late 1960s when it was 2% and above.The rate of increase has therefore almost halved since its peak of 2.19 %  to the current 1.15%. Global population is projected to increase from 6.28 billion to 9.2 billion by 2050 according to The State of World Population 2002 a  report by the United Nations Population Fund released.The least developed countries have the highest fertility and population growth and their populations are expected to triple in the next 50 years from 600 million to 1.8 billion. It has been estimated that a total of approx 106 bn people have been born since the dawn of the human species making the population currently alive ...

On of the main problems which the Indian tribes face is industrialization of backward areas and consequent urbanization. Read more:  http://socyberty.com/history/the-impact-of-industrialization-and-urbanization-on-indian-tribals-2/#ixzz20DVJ20Fv

Birsa Munda a charismatic leader of the Munda tribe headed Munda Tribal movement in 1870.He was seen as saviour who would deliver Munda Raj from the oppressive role of the British who ruled India.The movement with a religious overtone was also pitted against landlords and money lenders. The fight was to acquire the right of the tribals on communal lands which had been taken away by outsiders towards the close of the 18th century and later.Tribals resented their loss of age-old communal ownership of land,restrictions on entering forests,heavy taxation and impoverishment of tribals by money lenders. Birsa Munda was taken prisoner and imprisoned in the Ranchi Jail where he breathed his last.The British realised that exploitation of the tribals was at the root of the movement and therefor Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908) was passed to protect the tribals.

he early impact from the late 18th century and the 19th century led to some awakening which primarily aimed at abolition of certain social practices and reinterpretation of traditional religion. In the same period were set afoot certain developments, which led to a greater awakening of India later. The response-pattern of educated Indians to the phenomenon of Westernization that occurred from the second half of the 19th century had been different from what it was earlier. During the seocnd phase, modernization increasingly meant sense of nationalism and secularism. Read more:  http://socyberty.com/education/education-and-mass-media/#ixzz2086Kpdef

Knowledge is an essential pre-requisite without which no meaningful action is possible.Knowledge enriches quality of life which is why people dedicate entire lives to the pursuit and attainment of knowledge.Knowledge has been equated with enlightenment, a certain broadening of vision which has always been valued and venerated.Sometimes the level of knowledge is also highly specialised as in the fields of science and medicine. Read more:  http://authspot.com/thoughts/the-great-end-of-life-is-not-knowledge-but-action/#ixzz2084dXnX5

Tolerance can be defined as the possession of a fair and objective perspective and attitude towards those people who are of different races,religions,nations or have a set of opinions,beliefs and ideas that differ from our own.The importance of tolerance lies in its ability to make a human being broad enough in mind to be receptive to all kinds of ideas.This in turn enables one to widen one’s knowledge and exercise more freedom of choice and judgement for oneself.At the same time it creates a deeper understanding of other’s views and beliefs. Read more:  http://socyberty.com/issues/the-world-needs-more-tolerance/#ixzz20846x3zv

What is the status  of the village woman relative to her male counterpart? Does the village woman actually have a significantly lower status than the man, or is this belief  primarily a cultural myth, with rather little basis in reality? Is it possible that status position differs for upper versus lower caste Women, relative to their male counterparts? A few arguments support the conclusion that the village woman has a low status. For example,  the family  system in most parts of Indian is patrilineal and patrilocal, conditions which tend to support the dominant role of men.  The wife usually assumes her husband’s name and joins his patrilineal group (gotra).  Read more:  http://socyberty.com/issues/position-of-rural-women-in-india/#ixzz200zK4Lui

India though is fast developing as super power with impressive industrial growth and economic development,it is falling behind on human development index.The education scenario is alarmingly dismal at the grass-root level.India’s education program is falling behind other nations.It is a country with population already touching one billion while only one third is able to read.World’s 30%illiterate population comes from India. Read more:  http://socyberty.com/education/illiteracy-and-educational-problems-in-india/#ixzz200y5I5TZ

Gender division does not mean the biological differences between men and women.It refers to the unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women.The main responsibility of women is believe that she should perform home work and often being married one should bring up her children. Read more:  http://socyberty.com/issues/gender-bias-in-india/#ixzz200x19WtP

Syncretism is the blending or combination of elements from different religious or cultural traditions.It is recognized that syncretism is a general feature of the development of religious and cultural systems. Religions and cultureswhen they come into contact with one another mutually absorb some elements and reinterpret them. However all cultures are marked by a variety of borrowed and diffused elements.Diffusionts and ethnohistorians dealing with migrations,population movements,invasions and colonial empires have used the word syncretic in describing the evolution of new cultural and social system.The African-American culture is a blend of the elements of American,European and African traditions. The term syncretism also holds good in situations of cultural contact which gives rise to religious systems which are a mixture of Christian and native elements.Such syncretisation enables reinterpretaion of Christian doctrine in term of local beliefs. Theologians have used the term to relig...

DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid present mainly inside the nucleus of the cell and during many stages of the cell cycle remain condensed as chromosomes. Human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each of their body cells.The DNA helix has two strands like a winding staircase and each strand is made up of numerous nucleotides. A nucleotide is formed by a nitrogenous  base ( Adenine,Thymine,Guanine or Cytosine) with a 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate. Many nucleotide form a string or strand called a polynucleotide which is also known as Gene.Gene determines the various features and internal chemistry of organisms. Recombinant DNA technology involves the identification,isolation and transfer of a gene from one organism to another. DNA recombinant technology helps in producing immunological vaccines and antibodies to treat many diseases.

The pedigree analysis helps one to foresee possible genetic defects in the progeny and if possible to avoid them.Genetic counselling in order to create better human being in the future become possible through pedigree analysis. Pedigree analysis is one of the best methods of analysing inheritance study.It determines the mode of inheritance of a trait whether dominant or recessive,autosomal or sex linked.It also helps in the study of linkage analysis.Pedigree is a chart or diagram representing the ancestral history of an individual.This is a schematic means of showing genetic relationship among individuals. The pedigree pattern provides information on the Mendelian principles of segregation,independent assortment,allelism,linkage and more effectively on single factor inheritance. Study of a particular trait in a family usually begins with an affected person who is referred to as the proband or propositus and is marked by an arrow.Generations are numbered with Roman Numerals and range fr...

Paper I (1) Meaning and scope of Anthropology Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Life Science, Medical Science. Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance Social-cultural Anthropology Physical and biological Anthropology Archaeological Anthropology Human Evolution and emergence of Man: Organic Evolution: Theories of evolution in historical perspective, pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian period. Modern synthetic theory of evolution; brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll's rule, Cope's rule, Gause's rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution); Principles of systematics and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of man-'Homo erectus and Homo sapiens'. Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution of the following: Prepleistocence ...